Title: Circulation dampened heat extremes intensification over the Midwest USA and amplified over Western Europe

Abstract: Globally heat extremes have intensified in recent decades. However, while Western Europe shows a remarkably strong intensification of heat extremes, the Midwest United States experienced only weak warming of warmest nighttime and even a weak decrease in the intensity of daytime heat extremes since 1979. Here, we show that for daytime heat extremes in the Midwest United States atmospheric circulation induced ~1 °C cooling since 1979, reversing the thermodynamic warming trend. The observed circulation-induced trend is outside the multi-model range and the overall trend at the very low end of it. In Western Europe circulation greatly amplified warming by ~1 °C, accounting to one third of observed trend. The observed circulation- and thermodynamic-induced trends, as well as the total observed trends are at the high end of the model range in Western Europe. Understanding whether the strong circulation-induced trends are externally forced or unforced internal variability remains key to constrain future trends in heat extremes and is available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-01096-7